谥号 Posthumous name （比如汉武帝的武、晋元帝的元）庙号 Temple name（比如唐太宗的太宗、元世祖的世祖）年号 Era name 或者 Reign name（比如贞观、嘉靖、康熙）尊号 Regnal name（比如武则天的则天）姓 Surname 或者 Family name氏（先秦）Secondary surname 或者 Clan name （比如孔子姓是子，氏是孔）名 Given name字 Courtesy name 或者 Style name号 Art name名讳 True name乳名 Birth name法号 Dharma name训名 School name避讳 Taboo of names爵位 Nobility rank太子 Crown Prince九爵 Nine orders of nobility亲王 Prince郡王 Prefecture/Commandery Prince国公 Duke郡公 Prefecture/Commandery Duke县公 County/District Duke侯爵 Marquis伯爵 Count子爵 Viscount男爵 Baron世袭的 Hereditary封建 to enfeoff皇后 Empress妃 Consort 或 highly-ranked imperial concubines品秩 Grade/Rank in the Bureaucracy正一品 First Rank Officials从一品 Sub-First Rank Officials正四品上 Upper Fourth Rank Official正四品下 Lower Fourth Rank Official从四品上 Upper Sub-Fourth Rank Official从四品下 Lower Sub-Fourth Rank Official另外官品还有一种简记法，比如正一品是1a，从一品是1b，正四品上是4a，正四品下是4a’，从四品上是4b，从四品下是4b’奉朝请 People who qualified for imperial audiences千牛卫 Imperial personal guard千牛备身 Swordsmen in the personal guard食邑 Feudatory land官 Bureaucrat吏 Government staff四民 Four occupations（士农工商分别是gentry scholars，peasants，craftsmen以及merchants）军阀的派系 Clique of xxx凌迟 Death by a thousand cuts 或者就叫 Lingchi 然后解释是一种cruel execution腰斩 Death by cutting the waist绞刑 Death by hanging车裂 Death by dismembering the body廷杖 Tingzhang, a type of punishment that the guilty official would be spanked by wooden planks流放 Be banished/exiled to + 地名追封 Posthumous enfeoffment钦差大臣 Imperial government inspector监正 Supervisor of xxx directorate诏书 Edict奏章 Memorial to the emperor俸禄 Salary for imperial officials中央集权 Centralization of authority龙袍 Panlong Robe 或者 Chinese Imperial Dragon Robe衙门 Administrative Office中书令 Secretariat Director中书舍人 Secretariat Drafter中书门下 Secretariat-Chancellery同中书门下平章事 Joint Manager of Affairs with the Secretariat-Chancellery中散大夫 Grand Master of Palace Leisure大理寺 Imperial Court of Justice鸿卢寺 Office of Foreign Affairs光禄寺 Office of Imperial Kitchen著作局 Editorial office转运使 Transport Commissioner处置使 Supervisory Commissioner, an official that arranges and disposes of matters黜陟使 Personnel Evaluation Commissioner, an official that evaluates, promotes or demotes other officials国子监 Directorate of Education将作院 Imperial Manufactories Commission御史台 Censorate法司 Judicial office翰林院 Hanlin Academy, an organization in the central court with scholars who did drafting and editing works for the emperor京兆尹 Metropolitan governor of capital city教坊司 Imperial office of music东宫 The House of Crown Prince 或者 The Eastern Palace for Crown Prince谏议大夫 Supervisory officer光禄大夫 Grand Master of the Palace 其中金紫光禄大夫在后面加with golden seal and purple ribbon，银青光禄大夫在后面加with silver seal and blue ribbon假节：一般说Jiajie，然后解释，an official with a special warrant/permission to represent the emperor主簿 Recorder 或者 assistant magistrate主书 Assistant drafters主事 Director/secretary of xxx section in xxx ministry主司 Examiner 或者 recruiter，相当于古代政府的HR漕运：一般来说就是Caoyun，然后解释是 ground and water transportation operated/controlled by the government茶马交易 Tea-Horse Trade羁縻制度 Jimi system (A special type of administrative system enforced by Tang and Song dynasties in remote areas where hereditary tribal rulers receive duties from the central court while keeping the high degree of autonomy)，和后来明朝的土司制度相似 Tusi system (土司本人有时翻译成Chieftains或者Local headmen)进士 Nominees who passed the highest-level Imperial Examinations (court exams 殿试)，有地方直接说是Jnshi（复数Jinshies）并解释是Imperial examination graduates，其中进士及第是distinguished jinshies，进士出身是xxx with jinshi background，同进士出身是along with jinshi background贡士 Nominees who passed the national-level Imperial Examinations举人 Recommendees/nominees who passed the local-level (provincial-level) Imperial Examinations秀才/生员 Scholars/Educated people (qualified for local-level Imperial Examinations）童生 Scholars haven’t qualified for the local-level Imperial Examinations冈仁波齐 Mount Kailash葱岭 Pamir Plateau兴都库什山 Hindukush Mountains燕然山 Khangai Mountains华阳国志 Chronicles of Huayang三字经 Three Character Classic百家姓 Hundred Family Surnames千字文 Thousand Character Classic
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